Gender Inequality Sports For Females And Females

23 July 2015 Gender Inequality in Sport Sport has been one of the most important socio-cultural learning experiences for males and females. Sports provide an amazing release for people of all ages. People are requested and welcomed to play sports at any age. Sometimes there are many limitations due to personal reasons that restrain people from participating in sport such as money, peer pressure, location, etc. For the last century males are expected to be strong, independent, and athletic. Male athletes masculinity symbolizes an image of physical health, and sexual virility throughout their bodies as well. Nowadays, women’s participation in sports is becoming popular but it is still overshadowed by men’s. According to the Women’s Sport Foundation before the title IX â€Å"given equal athletic opportunities, women will rush to fill them; the remaining discrepancies in sports participation rates are the result of continuing discrimination in access to those opportunities† (â€Å" Title IX Myths a nd Fact†). Under the title IX, female has the playing field been. Women now can participate in many sports, which were only played by men before. However, the main reason that female usually do not participate is due to gender inequity. Some of people believe that the inequity in sports has not changed over the years, especially opportunities and benefits. Although sports provide opportunities for both males and females, female participating in sports generally have less opportunities toShow MoreRelatedGender Inequality Within A Competitive Athletic Workplace870 Words   |  4 Pages 2015 Gender Inequality What are the types of gender inequality in this world? Inequality is when there are two things that are not the same. For example, antonyms, they are when two objects don t have similar qualities. This means there are differences between the two. It can be beneficial or very discriminating. The definition for gender inequality is the unequal treatment, or perceptions of individuals based on their gender. Gender inequality is between the male and female advantagesRead MoreThe Construction And Experience Of Gender Inequality1395 Words   |  6 Pagesconstruction and experience of gender inequality. Men and women are constantly analyzed, compared, and grouped together in society. The result of this yields discrepancies in how sexes are viewed by society. Throughout my examination and explanation of gender inequality, I concluded both men and women are victims to gender inequality. I examined different professional industries in The United States to get a familiar understanding of gender inequality around me. Gender inequality does not particularly favorRead MoreFemale And Female Athletes1463 Words   |  6 Pagesconquered points are achievements of male or female athletes, then why does Canadian society? Sports include any activity which requires physically exercising a skill by competing against another party for the purpose of entertainment. This paraphrased definition does not specify if sports are better suited for males or females, yet there remains to be debate present over the equality - or lack thereof - enjoyed by females in Canadian sports. Not only are female athletes extremely under-represented inRead MoreGender Inequality in Womens Rugby1181 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction As the nation’s gender inequality continues to diminish, things like sports stereotypes, and labour force conflict cannot be understood without understanding the term of identity. Identity work is explained by Schwalbe and Mason-Schrock in 1996 as â€Å"anything people do, individually or collectively, to give meaning to themselves or others† (as cited in Ezzell, 2009, p. 1). I propose to examine inequality based on gender identity and in depth the process of stereotype issues, - how peopleRead MoreGender Inequality : Sports And Women s Professional Level Of Sport1469 Words   |  6 PagesGender Inequality in Sports Across the world, society holds men and women to different standards. There are precise gender roles and stereotypes that are well established. In the western world, women are supposed to be nurturers, cleaners, and the chef. Whereas men are perceived as strong, independent, and athletic. When these social norms are broken, it is not uncommon for specific labels to be given, such as being called a lesbian. Over the past few centuries, these stereotypes and gender rolesRead MoreGender Inequality And The Social Construction Of Gender1562 Words   |  7 Pagesof gender, race, class, and sexuality have led to discrimination and inequality of those classified under a variety of these categories. Through understanding the significance of these social constructs on society it becomes apparent the intersectionality they have when it comes to understanding why certain groups may face discrimination or inequality. This paper examines gender inequality and how the social construction of gender makes it difficult for the pursuit of equality amongst genders. GenderRead MoreGender Inequality : Like A Girl1060 Words   |  5 Pagesconsidered inferior to men. Gender inequality is the world we live in now; it is not an issue of the past. Inequality in terms of being equal, or no gender should be given special advantages. While there has been progress, as a society we have not improved enough. There is evidence of this unfairness alive and well today. Unfortunately, this imbalance is most prevalent in sports. More specifically, there is inequality between male and female soccer players; professional female soccer players are paidRead MoreEssay on Gender Barriers in Athletics1138 Words   |  5 Pages Gender Barriers in Athletics 2. What are the social and cultural costs and benefits of an individual (male or female) entering a non-traditional sport for their gender/sex (eg women who enter body building, power lifting, boxing; men who enter synchronized swimming or field hockey)? Throughout history it is clear that not only women, but both genders have faced seemingly insurmountable barriers when attempting to break into a sport that is not proper or stereotypical for their gender toRead MoreGender Inequalities Of Sports And Gender Inequality1468 Words   |  6 PagesGender Inequalities in Sport Men throughout history have been the dominant gender, from the times of hunting with stone weapons to the modern day metal and automated machines. Many negative connotations are thought of when comparing women to men like strength, but less so when comparing men to women. Is it the society’s view that women are weaker than men or is it a natural fact brought to light? In sports women experience many prejudices, but even so some sports are equal or even female dominantRead MoreGender Portrayal Of Rock Climbing Essay1722 Words   |  7 Pageshow gender is portrayed in rock climbing. I would like to find out if genders are sexualized, objectified or shown differently. I would also like to see if there is any transgender or transsexual representation in the sport of rock climbing. Transgender is an umbrella term for a range of people who do not fit into normative constructions of sex and gender (Ravelli, Webber, 2016), and a transsexual person is someone who undergoes sex reassig nment (Ravelli, Webber, 2016). I am defining gender as: social

How Education Has Changed Our Life - 1685 Words

We work so hard all our life just to go to that school we have dreamt of going when we get older but things get in our way. Sometimes that thing can be money. Money comes and goes and that is the cycle of money. Money can sometimes buy you the happiness but it can ruin your life too. Education has always been a main priority in my life and that is because of how I have been raised. My parents came all the way to the United States of America for my better future, so I can receive the education and live the American life they have always dreamt about, but it is not as easy as I thought it would be and I am sure I am talking right now on behalf of hundreds or even thousands of college students who cannot afford to go their dream school because of how expensive their tuition fees are. There are also grants for students so they can continue going to school and that is really nice of the US government to do but what about the rest of the students? One of my close friend recently went to UC Davis, he received the salutatorian award from his high school and I am really happy for him because he deserves it after how hard he has worked for the last four years of his high school but It makes me sad when I have to hear words from him such as I am taking a loan. A 18 year old who has never worked got his first loan right after he graduated high school and now he is having a very hard time in his school maintaining his grades. What if he doesn’t continue doing well? What if the majorShow MoreRelated The Chrysalids: Perception is Molded by Environment Essay925 Words   |  4 Pagesthe question remains whether the environment changes our perception. This essay will delve into how perceptions are impacted by a North American lifestyle, and a lifestyle within the fictional world of The Chrysalids. Although a person has the ability to forge his or her own destiny, the environment plays a large part in shaping our perceptions everyday. Many throughout the world consider North America to offer the greatest quality of life. A myriad of nationalities and cultures have joinedRead MoreEducation : The Past, The Present And Future1184 Words   |  5 Pages‘Education: The Past, the Present the Future’ â€Å"Education is the most powerful weapon which you can use to change the world.† - Nelson Mandela. Without education, there is simply no telling of what this world would be like. There wouldn’t be doctors, lawyers, businesses etc. Life and everything around us would be fatuous. Schools and education give us a plan in life and help guide us. Throughout the years education has changed tremendously. It had its improvements throughout the decades, and itRead MoreThe Influence Of The Internet On Society901 Words   |  4 Pagessociety has benefited from the advancement in technology. For example the wheel made it easier to travel long distances with heavy items and the invention of antibiotics saved millions of lives from infections. Today, technology is used on a regular basis, from the cars that we use to drive to work, to the electricity that powers our tv, radio, and lights. By looking at what we have accomplished, technology has greatly influenced society. If you we re to ask me what piece of technology has greatlyRead MoreIndia And China s President Of The United States1553 Words   |  7 Pagesof the Union 2011†, to help improve the economy, education, job rate, and deficit (Obama). Obama Stated, â€Å"We need to out-innovate, out-educate, and out-build the rest of the world,† which was said to help encourage the audience to help improve the way we think, teach, and even learn (Obama). Throughout many years, the United States has become deeper in debt; therefore, Obama decided to help our country prosper more by taking responsibility for our deficit and helping to reduce it (Obama). In theRead MoreDifferent Sides Of Education : An Important Part Of One s Life1606 Words   |  7 PagesSides of Education Education is vital, in fact the most important part of one’s life. Getting a higher education is very important in order to live in this world. Nelson Mandela, a politician, said â€Å"Education is the most powerful weapon which you can use to change the world† (BrainyQuote). When it comes to living a successful life, I live by this quote. I believe experience is something that will change one’s life. Throughout out our school career, we have experienced something that changed our livesRead MoreAlan Silvey s Jasper Jones 1216 Words   |  5 Pagesof how our search for who we are is clouded by our perceptions and attitudes. The basic human need to establish our own individual path in the world can arise conflict between adolescents and authorities who restrict them; In July 2014 the UN’s, ‘A world at school’ bought together hundreds of young advocates around the world, including Malala Yousafzai, who made her first public speech since being attacked by the Taliban in Pakistan for demanding that girls be allowed to receive an education. Malala’sRead MoreSpecial Education: a Look at the History1279 Words   |  6 PagesSpecial Education: A Look at the History Tracy Len Baier November 23, 2011 Abstract The purpose of this paper is to address the historical landmarks and legislation that have formed and created our current special education system. We will take a journey from the start of public education and its exclusion of special needs students to the current push for inclusion of all students learning within a general education classroom. The author will also share some of the pros and cons ofRead MoreSocial Class Inequality : The Existence Of Unequal Opportunities1247 Words   |  5 Pagesclass inequality are wealth, income, occupational, schooling, race, and ethnicity. Our society has changed from a manufacturing run workforce to a service ran workforce which has provided less jobs and increased unemployment rates. With all the changes our society has become much more depended on technology and one-minded thinking. Mechanisms that our society has are migration, emotions, youth perspective, and education. The largest county poverty rate in households with children is Mexico at 25.8%Read MoreStandardized Testing Is Defined By Standardized Test Definition1083 Words   |  5 PagesSo what is limiting about the present-day standard testing? In today’s education with standardized tests playing a huge role in our education it’s highly debated over its impact. For example, SAT is widely used college entrance exam made to test the qualification of a student. A negative aspect of it is the differences of the student’s cultural background. A student from a rich and ethnically privileged background has the advantage of expensive private tests to help him repeatedly attempt atRead MoreThe Cycle Of Illiteracy And Illiteracy984 Words   |  4 PagesIlliteracy Illiteracy has always been a problem in society in various ways that I believe, can only be frowned upon. Events in the past and present days emphasize the importance of basic education focusing in literacy as an essential part of our society. An experience as simple as a parent being illiterate can have a ripple effect on their children. Such as, my grandfather, who was raised in Mexico and was taught that labor to provide for his family was of higher importance than education and literacy

Competitive Strategy and Inovation

Question: Identify GE's Core Competences and Capabilities. Answer: History of the GE: General Electric Company is an international organization operates in infrastructure sector and financial sector. Companys water and power segment offers steam, gas, combined cycle system and aero derivative turbines, controls, generators and related services. Oil gas segment of this organization provides subsea drilling, turbines, surface and production system, compressors, reactors, turbo expanders, reactors and auxiliary equipments. Its energy management segment offers lighting and power panel, electrical distribution and control products and energy, circuit breakers, inspection, engineering, mechanical and inspection services: motors, control and drives technologies, software, plant automation, software, and embedded computing system. This companys aviation segment offers turboprop, jet engine and turbo shaft engines, replacement parts: maintenance, repairing and overhaul services. Its healthcare segment provides medical imaging, medical diagnostic and patient monitoring service s: disease research, remote diagnostic, drug discovery services. Its Transportation segment offers freight and passenger locomotives, marine and stationery power, railway signalling, communication system, mining equipment; drive motorized system; and information technology centre. Home and business solution of this company manufactures products of lighting and home appliances. Its GE capital segment offers lease and commercial loan, financial problem, fleet management, credit cards, financial programmes and other financial services. GE was founded in the year 1892. Its headquarter is in Fairfield, Connecticut. (General Electric, 2016) About GE: GE came in existence on April 15, 1892 in New York. Its a major competitor of many industries worldwide. Currently, this company is operating under following business segments: Technology infrastructure, GE capital, Home Business solution and Energy infrastructure. GE is employing 3,01,000 full time employees, generated 147.3 billion in total revenues and has approximately 5,61,000 shareholders. (General Electric,2016) GEs Core Competencies and capabilities and their effectiveness: Core competency is a companys unique ability that acquired by its founders, employers and that cant be easily imitated. It gives a competitive advantages to company, creates and delivers value to its customer in specified field. (Drejer, 2002) In recent years, GEs brand value came out at number 4 in dollar terms. GEs this position remains unchanged since 2001. It is a big questions that how it can remain unchanged even when CEO missing the bus of earnings, capital infusion from Buffett, cutting dividend etc. There are so many key aspects which make is possible. People only look at GEs positioning from US and UK economies and their stock market. And think that GE dont deserve to be on top ranks. But people dont notice that GE earns more than 60% revenue from outside North American market. GEs reach, product, presence in emerging market and high end markets make its brand valuable. (Ahlstrom and Bruton, 2009) Even with diversifying into new markets it has re organized into 4 business units to itself. These new units are: GE technology Infrastructure, NBC universal, GE infrastructure and GE capital. These units are focusing on infrastructure in all markets. It is estimated that in next decade, infrastructure project will be of worth $40 trillion. These themes give the message that the business portfolio of this organization is being committed towards sustainable competitiveness, high growth and high margin market. The core competency study starts the process and strategy action by considering the strength of a company; in this case, GEs core competencies are technological innovation and capital financing. The core competencies help an organization in long run and make it competitive in the market by provide its product in less price then competitor. And launch new products which are not expected by competitors, core competency is achieved by an organization through technology used, enhanced production skills, empowered employees etc. Core competency makes a benefit to the consumer and its very difficult for competitors to intimate. Organization works on its core competency continuously. (Prahalad and Hamel, 1990) The four elements of the potential of an organization for generating sustained and constant competitive advantages, according to Barneys VRIN concept are valuable, rare, imperfectly imitable and non substitutability. (Barney, Wright, Ketchen, 2001). It is applicable when its clear for the organization that competitive advantages can be achieved from those strategies which are efficient and effective, it is valuable and technology and resources used by organization are not readily available to any other competitors in the industry. Competitor cant substitute these resources. (Peteraf, 1993) To identify GEs core competence before 2012, I am using Mckinsey 7S framework. It is made of 3 hard and strong elements that are Structure, System, and Strategy while the others are Shared values, style, staff and skills. The hard elements can be defined easily and can easily influence by management. The soft elements are less tangible, affected by culture and slightly difficult to describe. These 7s are interconnected to each other that if we make a change in one, it affects the other. The first step of McKinsey strategy is to design, develop, maintain and build competitive and better advantages over competitors. The structure is well organized that describes who reports to whom. The organization system is well defined about the daily activities, procedure, employees work etc. The core value is shared value of an organization as an evidence of corporate culture and work culture. The leadership style is accepted and the employees, their capabilities and skills are evaluated because they makeup the company staff. Playing these shared values at the model in the centre puts emphasise on the critical elements and the need of these values. The companys structure, system, strategy, skills, style and staff are part of an organization as it stands out. (Peters and waterman, 1982) McKinsey 7s theory helps a firm to do well; all the elements need to be reinforced to help in identifying and aligning performance. To know the companys core competence, the questions have been answered: what is company strategy? How is company organized and divided? How effective and efficient is the leadership? What positions are needed to be filling? On what factors employees skills are monitoring and evaluated? (Peters and Waterman, 1982) Swot analysis will be of important help. SWOT stands for strength, weakness, opportunity and threat. SWOT compares the ratio and trend with rivalry companies in similar industry for identifying the companys situation. (Simmonds, 1981) From the GEs last performance, its clear that General Electric concentrated on building its base and expands trading activities by reducing market capitalization and makes a concentration on its core business that includes heavy investments on its financial and industrial services. It also acquired a series of new related companies to expand its market and enter into new 1. This strategy of acquisition helps it to increase its profitability and scale up its business operations. Though the actual result was not as good as expected for the entire period considering the investment made, but there were positive signs of generally improving revenue. General Electric: Performance Indicators, 2001 and 2011: The net income of GE in 2011 is relatively same as the year 2001 which can be a negative impact in normal circumstances of stunted growth but in this case the market was slashed by 50% and still GE maintained the result, its actually a great achievement. Between the years 2006-2009, the average return on GE capital was continuously decreasing from 19.6% to 11.6%. Net earnings were also decreased from 20.7 billion to 11 billion while total assets increased from 697.3 to 781.8 in this period. (Porter, 1996) Growth Strategy: If General electric wants to increase its performance level, it must implement growth strategy. This strategy will expand all profitable units of GE; portfolios of functions and customer are grouping together with innovations in technologies for improving the general performance. Many factors are there which help a business to grow up, these factors include taking advantage of opportunities, use of all resources, identify the competitive advantages and use it against competitors and increase market share. Business growth is majorly of 2 types: Internal growth and external growth. (Kumar, 2012) The internal growth strategy refers to the make a growth internally in an organization. It is basically financed internally by using back profits instead of asking to shareholders for contribution or paying out dividend. The major disadvantage of this strategy is that it takes time to organize for such financing because of many formalities involving with it meanwhile competitor can also start working on same technology or product. The advantage of this strategy is that it is really a very good manner of raising capital and maintaining a good position because company need not to pay in future to anyone. External growth strategy refers to make a growth by raising the funds from outside. This approach depends on external factors for financing to fund for the expansion of GE. But this can negatively impact GE as the result of it will be in deteriorated gearing position. In the years 2002-2012, GE was in a embarrassing situation (Admas,1999). The target of growth strategy is profit maximisation, its turnover, its investment, distribution network improvement etc. In this environment where competition is in peak, all the firms are trying to expand and grow.(Freedman, 2013) According to growth strategy an organization need to be stake out of position and establish itself as a less vulnerable for launching an attack on competitors. To establish a position GE has to maintain a former relationship with its customer, rebranding of its product, product differentiation, technological changes etc. Growth needs investment of funds, technical and human resources, innovative skill and desire to grow up in an organization. An ideal direction for growth of GE is maximising cash inflow and minimizing cash outflow. (Lewis And McKone, 2015) The balance scorecards help an organization to turn its strategy into a performance target that provides a framework for the adopted strategy to be implemented. They include customer, financial, learning, growth and business process. The need of scorecard balance is to balance the corporate non financial and financial performance to evaluate it and analysis long and short run performance. (Adams, 1999) The financial perspective evaluates and analyzes this strategys profitability. It helps in reduction of cost in relation to cost of sales and sales, operating income and competitors. Aggressive acquisition and expansion strategy: Acquisition is a key of growth of an organization as it takes advantages of synergy: making 2+2=5. Expansion of a business through acquisition is cheaper, quicker and less risky in comparison of other methods of expansion strategy. Further, acquisition provides instant economies of scale and easier financing. (Hubbard, 1999) Merging with another business is a mutual agreement where 2 businesses come together to form a new and single business. Acquisition happens when a company acquire controlling power of another. If a company buy 50% of other companys share then only it can acquire controlling power. (Anderson, Havila and Nilsson, 2012) This strategy will help GE to be a competitive player in the market. GE can use its power and substantial size to diversify itself both in geography and product, to vertically integrate, buy out competition etc. Ultimately, this strategy can give GE an increasing competitive edge in the market where it will compete through the capabilities and acquisition of resources. This strategy will help GE to not only diversify the market but also to be a good player in the market. Basically, GE can use this strategy to buy other market players and its competitors to improve integrity, improve functionality and improve market access. The companys philosophy and management also permit company to adopt this strategy. By adopting this strategy, company will be able to eliminate the threats in the market. This strategy suggest company to acquire more resources and capabilities to be successful, company just have to be focused through its effort for be successful and powerful. (Swaim, 2011) Both of these studies are quite good and both will help GE to raise its capital and expand its business. But aggressive acquisition and expansion strategy is better than growth strategy as company can expand itself in a cheaper rate and by acquiring more resources and capabilities company can be a better player in the industries where it is performing. Compare management approach of Jeff Immelts and Jack Welchs: Jack Welch is an American chemical engineer, businessman and author. He was the CEO of GE from 1981 to 2001. MR. Jack raised companys value by 4000% during his tenure. Mr. Jack joined GE in 1960. Earlier he worked as a chemical engineer at salary of $10,500. In 1968, Welch got promotion as Vice president of GE and head of their plastic division. Jeff Immelt is a Business executive of America. He is the chairman and CEO of GE. He has elected as general Electrics CEO in 2000. He replaced Mr. Jack. Previously, he was the head of medical system division of General Electric. The goal of this comparison of these two leaders is to generate knowledge that how well an effective leader runs a business and what is their key factor of success. The point is who is the effective leader? Why? (Hellriegel and slocum, 2008) As a matter of fact, no doubt, jack Welch always had a good dedication to GE even more then Jeff Immelt during 1981 to 2001. Regarding management approach and leadership, its quite difficult to evaluate who is better. Its very difficult for anybody to compare such legends, but I can make a comparison now as leadership is changing time to time. It is quite difficult to judge any of them because of technology, time, resources etc. (Conaty and Charan , 2011) Welch always believed in magical numbers and asserted that he is the more successful manager in the world than anybody else while Mr Immelt always emphasised on renewal and innovation. Welch was a great strategist in the world; he helped GE in recovering and growing up even in much of difficulties. And Immelt invested in Research and development with substantial development. Welch was really a great hunter of opportunities and also a great manager of risks and threat while Immelt improved everything Welch had. As a successful story of BM, application of Six Sigma in GE was expanded over the world for quality control as the most valuable lesson. Above it, Welch was a strict taskmaster at GE. Immelt works on long term goal rather than a short one. Immelt proved himself as a very effective leader by helping GE in 2001 to overcome the hardship, when terrorist attack were a harbinger of bad time to come for GE. Welch developed a system of ranking for employees in these three categories: The top 20%, who performed outstanding were stars, the middle 70%, who performed average were crucial majority and bottom 10%, whose performance was underscore were eliminated. Through this policy, Welch was able to separate his employees according to their performance and place them according to that. By it, Welch was sure that the stars of GE would be able to achieve their goals even in crucial situations. Welch leadership definition concentrates on speed, downsizing, self confidence and downsizing that helped him in leading GE growth on right way. Immelt is also using the same leadership style but with some innovation and transformation from 2001 to till now. Under it, Immelt focuses on importance of alignment, time management, trust, understanding people and personal responsibility. Welch always followed a ruthless and stern style; it was reproved more when he took a decision of eliminating 10% of employees who underperformed at any time, without even giving them a chance to improve. Immelt also followed this rule but at a limited level. In respect of running business effectively, Welch outperformed Immelt as he led GE as one of the biggest company in whole world till 2001. In respect of leadership, Immelt outperformed as he is much supported by many politicians and other people including Former President Obama. Welch is a good strategist who had a great self awareness in managing staff and operation at GE. He knows very well that how to control each and everything around him. Immelt is also a nice planner and a god innovator and transformer also. Vuca: A leader must have the abilities to change, innovate and transform themselves and the company because moving is most important (Masese, 2012). Volatility describes an organizations nature, changes etc. Uncertainty describes lack of predictability, surprise, sudden happenings etc. Complexity describes about issues faces by a company, forces, confusion in an organization etc. Ambiguity describes about confusion, cause and effect in an organization. GE played an important role in developing this model. VUCA stands for Volatility, uncertainty, complexity and ambiguity). Leadership strategy and management approach is a key factor of GEs success. GE is using VUCA to enhance its profitability and growth. (Mack, Khare, Kramer and Burgatz, 2015) Both of them have their own style. They strategy and attitude they reflect is similar at some places and different in others. Mr. Jack has had an awesome impact on General Electric over his time as CEO. Jeffery is continuously looking through his own practices, this success. Conclusion: Thus it can be concluded that both of the legends are good. But as Jeffery is doing work with innovation and according to VUCA and he has some rulebooks of Jack also, his management approach is most impressive. Jack is performing very well at GE and keeps working for its more success. References: Accounting Business, March pp 16 19. Adams, R. (1999),Performance Indicators for Sustainable Development. Ahlstrom D. And Bruton G. (2009). International Management: strategy and culture in the emerging world. Cengage Learning. Anderson H., Havila V. and Nilsson F. (2012). Mergers and Acquisition: the critical role of stakeholders. Routledge. Barney, B., Wright, M., Ketchen Jr., J. (2001), The resource-based view of the firm: Ten Years after 1991. Journal of Management. Conaty B. And Charan R. (2011). The talent masters:why smart leader put people before number. Random House. Drejer A. (2002). Strategic Management and core competencies. Greenwood publishing group. Freedman L. (2013). Strategy: a history. OUP USA. General Electric (2016). General Electric success story. Viewed: 28 Nov 2016 from https://successstory.com/companies/general-electric General Electric (2016).Transformation. Viewed: 28 Nov 2016 from https://www.ge.com/transformation/ Hellriegel D. And Slocum J. (2008). Organizational Behaviour. Cengage learning. Hubbard N. (1999). Acquisition strategy and implementation. Purdue university. Kumar D. (2012). Enterprise Growth Strategy: vision, planning and execution. Gower Publishing ltd. Lewis A. and McKone D. (2015). Edge strategy: a new mindset for profitable growth. Harvard business review press. Mack O., Khare A., Kramer A. and Burgatz T. (2015). Managing in a VUCA world. Springer. Peteraf, A. (1993). The Cornerstones of Competitive Advantage: A Resource-Based View. Strategic Management Journal. Peters T. and Waterman R. (1982).In Search of Excellence, New York, London: Harper Row. Porter, E. (1996). What is strategy? Harvard Business Review, NovemberDecember, 61-78. Prahalad K. and Hamel G. (1990). The core competence of the corporation. Harvard Business Review. Simmonds K., (1981)The Fundamentals of Strategic Management Accounting, London. Swaim R. (2011). The strategic Drucker: Growth strategies and market insight from the works of peter drucker.

Oliver Thompson Essays - The Canterbury Tales, Canterbury Tales

Oliver Thompson English 4 with Mr. Edson November 3, 2000 Women in the Canterbury Tales Throughout the Canterbury Tales women are treated as objects. In the Knight's Tale a beautiful maiden is sought after by two men, men willing to do whatever it takes to have her. The carpenter in the Miller's Tale married a young and beautiful women, and she is pursued by two men because of her beauty. Two students exact revenge upon a miller in the Reeve's Tale by sleeping with his wife and daughter, taking their revenge on the miller by violating his possessions. Finally, in the Wife of Bath's Tale a knight rapes a woman, and then despises his wife because she is ugly and poor. By acting this way the knight displays ignorance in his attitude towards women, treating them as nothing more than objects. Women in the Canterbury Tales are often given a worth, defined by their looks, upbringing, and wealth. Women are not sought after for their intelligence, knowledge, ability, or wisdom. It is only in the end of the Wife of Bath's Tale that Chaucer uses the knight and the old woman as an example of how men should view women, and how there is more to women than beauty and money. The Knight's Tale puts a beautiful woman on pedestal, likening her to a goddess. Two prisoners fall in love with this woman, Emily, without knowing anything about her desires, her ambitions, or her personality. The two men want her for her beauty, treating her like a sports car, or a trophy wife. It goes so far as there is a contest, and the winner receives Emily as the prize. Ready by battle to decide his claim/ To Emily. (52) The Knights Tale exemplifies chivalry, yet despite this women are still objectified and viewed as possessions, not human beings. The woman in the Miller's Tale is a young wife of an old carpenter. He knows he is not what a young wife desires, but that did not stop him from marrying her. A student wants to sleep with her, he is after sex and this young woman complies with him, offering little resistance. In the following quote the wife of the carpenter agrees to love Nicholas after a single conversation with him. Unless I have my will of you/ I'll die a secret love.../In the end she promised him she would/ Swearing she'd love him.(91) The woman is merely the desired object in this story; she serves no purpose but to inspire the men to humiliate themselves and others. In the previous tale, the miller tells a story about a carpenter being tricked by a student. Now, the reeve tells his tale about a miller being tricked by students, and not only do they sleep with his wife but his daughter as well. This tale focuses more upon the miller and the students, Alan and John, showing how the miller cheats the people when he grinds their grain, and how the students are determined to stop the miller from stealing their flour. The two students fail to stop the miller from stealing their ground corn flour, but when they stay overnight at the miller's house, they decide to exact revenge. The miller and his wife go to bed drunk, and Alan justifies taking advantage of Simpkin's daughter in the following quote. The law grants easement when things gan amiss For, John, there is a law that gans like this: If in one point a person be aggrieved, Then in another he shall be relieved. (115) The two students use sex with the miller's daughter and wife to ease the humiliation of being tricked by the miller. The students sleep with both women, and by violating the miller's wife and daughter they are devaluing them, and in turn hurting the miller because of his association with them as the husband and father. The women are not seen as having minds of their own, which dehumanizes them in the eyes of the reader. A knight rapes a woman, and the king decrees that the knight is to be executed. The queen begs for his life and gives him a condition, that unless he can discover what a woman truly wants in a year and a day,

Free Essays on Learning And Development

Learning and Development Learning and development of children needs to be met in many different ways. I saw this through observing and viewing the Seasons of Life Video’s. In observing I saw that teachers have to be aware of each child’s present level of functioning. This determined the manner in which they were taught and how praise or discipline was administered. Therefore, how a child learns and develops. In viewing the Season’s of Life videos I saw that there are many cultural, gender, and social class issues in today’s world. In the classroom, these things need to be addressed very carefully and tactfully. Children’s diversities should be nurtured and embraced not criticized in order for the children to develop properly. Through the years I have become increasingly aware that I learn best as a visual learner. This is shown in Artifact 1. Not everyone learns the same. Teachers have to develop many different teaching styles to accommodate each child. I saw this in an observation I did with a special education class. Each child took turns working on a number activity. Every time a new student came up the teacher explained the activity a different way. Because the teacher knew how these children learned, she was best able to show the children how to do the activity in their learning style. In today’s growing world, students and teachers need to have knowledge of computer and presentation skills. As anyone can already tell, I have computer skills. I think it is very important for schools to have students on computers a certain amount of time a week. Presentation skills are also something good for students to have. Many times in student’s lives, they will be able to use presentation skill. Through an observation, I saw this being taught. The students each had to put together a science project and present it on a certain night. They also had to use the computer for doing some things for this p... Free Essays on Learning And Development Free Essays on Learning And Development Learning and Development Learning and development of children needs to be met in many different ways. I saw this through observing and viewing the Seasons of Life Video’s. In observing I saw that teachers have to be aware of each child’s present level of functioning. This determined the manner in which they were taught and how praise or discipline was administered. Therefore, how a child learns and develops. In viewing the Season’s of Life videos I saw that there are many cultural, gender, and social class issues in today’s world. In the classroom, these things need to be addressed very carefully and tactfully. Children’s diversities should be nurtured and embraced not criticized in order for the children to develop properly. Through the years I have become increasingly aware that I learn best as a visual learner. This is shown in Artifact 1. Not everyone learns the same. Teachers have to develop many different teaching styles to accommodate each child. I saw this in an observation I did with a special education class. Each child took turns working on a number activity. Every time a new student came up the teacher explained the activity a different way. Because the teacher knew how these children learned, she was best able to show the children how to do the activity in their learning style. In today’s growing world, students and teachers need to have knowledge of computer and presentation skills. As anyone can already tell, I have computer skills. I think it is very important for schools to have students on computers a certain amount of time a week. Presentation skills are also something good for students to have. Many times in student’s lives, they will be able to use presentation skill. Through an observation, I saw this being taught. The students each had to put together a science project and present it on a certain night. They also had to use the computer for doing some things for this p...

Name the Strong Acids and Worlds Strongest Acid

Name the Strong Acids and World's Strongest Acid Most of the standardized tests students take, like the SAT and GRE, are based on your ability to reason or to understand a concept. The emphasis isnt on memorization. However, in chemistry there are some things you just have to commit to memory. Youll remember the symbols for the first few elements and their atomic masses and certain constants just from using them. On the other hand, its harder to remember the names and structures of the amino acids and the strong acids. The good news, regarding the strong acids, is any other acid is a weak acid. The strong acids dissociate completely in water. Strong Acids You Should Know HCl - hydrochloric acidHNO3 - nitric acidH2SO4 - sulfuric acidHBr - hydrobromic acid HI - hydroiodic acidHClO4 - perchloric acid The Worlds Strongest Acid Although this is the strong acid list, probably found in every chemistry text, none of these acids hold the title of Worlds Strongest Acid. The record-holder used to be fluorosulfuric acid (HFSO3), but the carborane superacids are hundreds of times stronger than fluorosulfuric acid and over a million times stronger than concentrated sulfuric acid. The superacids readily release protons, which is a slightly different criterion for acid strength than the ability to dissociate to release a H ion (a proton). Strong Is Different from Corrosive The carborane acids are incredible proton donors, yet they are not highly corrosive. Corrosiveness is related to the negatively-charged part of the acid. Hydrofluoric acid (HF), for example, is so corrosve it dissolves glass. The fluoride ion attacks the silicon atom in silica glass while the proton is interacting with oxygen. Even though it is highly corrosive, hydrofluoric acid is not considered to be a strong acid because it does not completely dissociate in water.Strength of Acids Bases | Titration Basics

A Small Community Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

A Small Community Business - Essay Example A Small Community Business The local stores, farms, and their cooperatives in our location greatly benefit from the existence of Ice Cream Heaven because Mr. Haynes sources his milk, dairy products, and other restaurant and cooking needs directly from the local business suppliers. Ice Cream heaven gives off that American vibe that can only see in Pop Tate's ice cream parlor in the Archie comic books. Just as our community evolved over time, so did the menu and other offerings of the restaurant. Having started out as purely an ice cream scooping station, these days it boasts of meal menus and sandwich snacks for those quick fix meals that the busy parents and students in our neighborhood requires. What is even more admirable about the business is that it hires workers from within our community. Ice Cream Heaven has 20 high school part time job type of employees that admirably helps our local families from lower income brackets survive and boosts our local economy. The annual sales of Ice Cream Heaven should be around $250,000 or more a year because of the combined income from their ice cream scooping station, ice cream gallon sales, and sit down clients. Mr Haynes told me that the taxes he pays the community has helped maintain the local park and kept the community library in business by adding computer systems for the benefit of the local public school. Ice Cream Heaven has been an integral part of my childhood and continues to be a memorable place for me as I mature into an adult. This is the place where my parents and I often had my birthday dessert when I was a child.

Contracting and Payment Options Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Contracting and Payment Options - Essay Example According to â€Å"Subpart 32.9-Prompt Payment† of the Federal Constitution, the act stipulates the ideal elements to justify effectiveness in contracts under the prompt payment approach. The first crucial element is that government agencies should effect payments on a timely basis for all products delivered by contractors. For instance, the IRS just like other federal agencies and departments is accorded the mandate to issue payments promptly after receiving services or goods from its contractors. Products such as the software for processing tax returns are critical for the IRS operations; hence, the need for prompt payments. Subsequently, the act stipulates the need for the contractor and the government agency to understand the withstanding penalties at the event of lateness in the delivery of services or payment for the completed tasks. For example, if the delivery of the software for processing taxes is delayed, then the IRS should impose the ideal penalty. The IRS would b ear the penalty to the extent that it fails to make payments after the software is delivered on time. Lastly, the act allows federal agencies to accommodate any substantial and economically justifiable discounts from the contractors. In elaborating the case, a government agency such as the IRS will be acting legally if it opts to accept a certain percentage discount on the cost stipulated by the contractor for the tax processing software. The Congress should amend the Prompt Payment Act over time in order to ensure effectiveness in this payment option.

A Report on Hans Binker Essay Example for Free

A Report on Hans Binker Essay In Hans Brinker, or the Silver Skates, Mary Mapes Dodge tells the story of Hans Brinker, a fifteen year old boy, and Gretel, his sister. Hans finds himself responsible for his family after his fathers accident. Theres a pretty pair just coming upon the ice! The little ragpickers! Their skates must have been a present from the king direct. this is said of Hans and Gretel by Carl, a rich boy who sees the two go unto the ice with their wooden skates. Here we see how Hans and his family fares compared to the rest of the townspeople: they are one of the poorest families. Their father, Raff Brinker, became invalid after an accident. One day Hans and Gretel learn of a race in which silver skates are to be the prize. Meanwhile, Hans by chance sees Dr. Boekman, a famous old doctor, and convinces the doctor to treat his father. Hans and Gretel eventually obtain steel skates needed to join in the contest, and Gretel wins the silver skates. The doctor manages to treat Raff successfully, and Raff remembers where he hid some â€Å"treasure†, and all goes well in the end. One constant problem is the conflict between Han personal wants and his sense of responsibility and morality. For example, when he finds the purse that contained some money, he must decide whether to keep it or return it; when Hans wants to spend the money on steel skates, while knowing that his family could really use the money; and the dilemma on how he should react to those who humiliate him because of his poverty. The book contains a lot of textbook descriptions, which I think does not work in the its favor, as it is unlikely that a reader will pick a book with the intention of simultaneously reading a good story and â€Å"textbook† material on a countrys history and geography. With all the fiction encountered by modern people today—on television, books, movies—the story of Hans Brinker comes off as somewhat hackneyed, but of course this was probably not the case in the 1860s, when the author wrote the book. I would not say that I actual learned anything from the book. At best, it reminds the reader of the continued existence of the extremely poor even in these modern times. And of course the the book reminds us of the importance of the usual â€Å"goodness of the heart† of of â€Å"advantages† in life that are only superficial and ultimately meaningless.

The Coca and the Cocaine War :: essays research papers fc

THE COCA AND THE COCAINE WAR The current â€Å"War on Drugs† involves skirmishes in an arena with two fronts: The consumer and the manufacturer. The successes and failures of the battle are not clearly identified without first looking at how the battle can be ultimately won. When it comes to cocaine, the problem of punishing the whole instead of the individual is hard to define. Many countries use the raw ingredient, the coca plant, as part of a social and cultural structure. The only way to win the â€Å"War on Drugs† is to focus war efforts on fighting the manufacturer of the finished cocaine product.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The â€Å"War on Cocaine† has been trying to fight a battle on two fronts. The first objective of the American government is to deter the consumer from using illegal products. The genesis of punishment against users is sited in the 1914 Harrison Act, in which addicts and others that possessed drugs were punished for buying or possessing cocaine or heroin without a prescription (Bertram, 26). This act began a trend that still today allows law enforcement to arrest the user along with the supplier. The supplier (drug trafficker) is the key in this type of police action, because most of the time the user will be unaware of the exact origin of the substance or have any knowledge as to where it was purchased or manufactured. The main problem with this type of arrest is that 70 to 75 percent of the narcotic arrests per year are for possession and only 25 to 30 percent are for actual drug trafficking offenses. Although the user should not be overlooked, a greater emphasis ought to be focused on the supplier in order to reach the actual manufacturer of the illegal substances.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The other front of the battle of the â€Å"War on Drugs† comes from locating and shutting down the manufacturers of cocaine. Cocaine is manufactured from the coca plant, the drug’s main ingredient. When the government imposes sanctions on different nations for growing the coca plant, careful considerations must be made. Just like any other market, there may be underlying circumstances for growing the plant that are perfectly innocent to the illegal cocaine market. The key influence of the coca market comes from the Andean countries of South America: Peru, Bolivia, and Colombia. These countries are responsible for almost exclusively cultivating the coca plant, but Colombia is the main processing nation of the plant into cocaine, at nearly 70 percent (Stares, 2).

Carl Jung Theory Essay

Jung’s theory divides the psyche into three parts. The first is the ego, which Jung identifies with the conscious mind. Closely related is the personal unconscious, which includes anything that is not presently conscious, but can be. The personal unconscious is like most people’s understanding of the unconscious in that it includes both memories that are easily brought to mind and those that have been suppressed for some reason. But it does not include the instincts that Freud would have it include. But then Jung adds the part of the psyche that makes his theory stand out from all others: the collective unconscious. You could call it your â€Å"psychic inheritance. † It is the reservoir of our experiences as a species, a kind of knowledge we are all born with. And yet we can never be directly conscious of it. It influences all of our experiences and behaviors, most especially the emotional ones, but we only know about it indirectly, by looking at those influences. There are some experiences that show the effects of the collective unconscious more clearly than others: The experiences of love at first sight, of deja vu (the feeling that you’ve been here before), and the immediate recognition of certain symbols and the meanings of certain myths, could all be understood as the sudden conjunction of our outer reality and the inner reality of the collective unconscious. Grander examples are the creative experiences shared by artists and musicians all over the world and in all times, or the spiritual experiences of mystics of all religions, or the parallels in dreams, fantasies, mythologies, fairy tales, and literature. A nice example that has been greatly discussed recently is the near-death experience. It seems that many people, of many different cultural backgrounds, find that they have very similar recollections when they are brought back from a close encounter with death. They speak of leaving their bodies, seeing their bodies and the events surrounding them clearly, of being pulled through a long tunnel towards a bright light, of seeing deceased relatives or religious figures waiting for them, and of their disappointment at having to leave this happy scene to return to their bodies. Perhaps we are all â€Å"built† to experience death in this fashion. Archetypes The contents of the collective unconscious are called archetypes. Jung also called them dominants, imagos, mythological or primordial images, and a few other names, but archetypes seem to have won out over these. An archetype is an unlearned tendency to experience things in a certain way. The archetype has no form of its own, but it acts as an â€Å"organizing principle† on the things we see or do. It works the way that instincts work in Freud’s theory: At first, the baby just wants something to eat, without knowing what it wants. It has a rather indefinite yearning, which, nevertheless, can be satisfied by some things and not by others. Later, with experience, the child begins to yearn for something more specific when it is hungry — a bottle, a cookie, a broiled lobster, a slice of New York style pizza. The archetype is like a black hole in space: You only know its there by how it draws matter and light to itself. The mother archetype The mother archetype is a particularly good example. All of our ancestors had mothers. We have evolved in an environment that included a mother or mother-substitute. We would never have survived without our connection with a nurturing-one during our times as helpless infants. It stands to reason that we are â€Å"built† in a way that reflects that evolutionary environment: We come into this world ready to want mother, to seek her, to recognize her, to deal with her. So the mother archetype is our built-in ability to recognize a certain relationship, that of â€Å"mothering. † Jung says that this is rather abstract, and we are likely to project the archetype out into the world and onto a particular person, usually our own mothers. Even when an archetype doesn’t have a particular real person available, we tend to personify the archetype, that is, turn it into a mythological â€Å"story-book† character. This character symbolizes the archetype. The mother archetype is symbolized by the primordial mother or â€Å"earth mother† of mythology, by Eve and Mary in western traditions, and by less personal symbols such as the church, the nation, a forest, or the ocean. According to Jung, someone whose own mother failed to satisfy the demands of the archetype may well be one that spends his or her life seeking comfort in the church, or in identification with â€Å"the motherland,† or in meditating upon the figure of Mary, or in a life at sea. Mana You must understand that these archetypes are not really biological things, like Freud’s instincts. They are more spiritual demands. For example, if you dreamt about long things, Freud might suggest these things represent the phallus and ultimately sex. But Jung might have a very different interpretation. Even dreaming quite specifically about a penis might not have much to do with some unfulfilled need for sex. It is curious that in primitive societies, phallic symbols do not usually refer to sex at all. They usually symbolize mana, or spiritual power. These symbols would be displayed on occasions when the spirits are being called upon to increase the yield of corn, or fish, or to heal someone. The connection between the penis and strength, between semen and seed, between fertilization and fertility are understood by most cultures. The shadow Sex and the life instincts in general are, of course, represented somewhere in Jung’s system. They are a part of an archetype called the shadow. It derives from our prehuman, animal past, when our concerns were limited to survival and reproduction, and when we weren’t self-conscious. It is the â€Å"dark side† of the ego, and the evil that we are capable of is often stored there. Actually, the shadow is amoral — neither good nor bad, just like animals. An animal is capable of tender care for its young and vicious killing for food, but it doesn’t choose to do either. It just does what it does. It is â€Å"innocent. † But from our human perspective, the animal world looks rather brutal, inhuman, so the shadow becomes something of a garbage can for the parts of ourselves that we can’t quite admit to. Symbols of the shadow include the snake (as in the garden of Eden), the dragon, monsters, and demons. It often guards the entrance to a cave or a pool of water, which is the collective unconscious. Next time you dream about wrestling with the devil, it may only be yourself you are wrestling with! The persona The persona represents your public image. The word is, obviously, related to the word person and personality, and comes from a Latin word for mask. So the persona is the mask you put on before you show yourself to the outside world. Although it begins as an archetype, by the time we are finished realizing it, it is the part of us most distant from the collective unconscious. At its best, it is just the â€Å"good impression† we all wish to present as we fill the roles society requires of us. But, of course, it can also be the â€Å"false impression† we use to manipulate people’s opinions and behaviors. And, at its worst, it can be mistaken, even by ourselves, for our true nature: Sometimes we believe we really are what we pretend to be! Anima and animus A part of our persona is the role of male or female we must play. For most people that role is determined by their physical gender. But Jung, like Freud and Adler and others, felt that we are all really bisexual in nature. When we begin our lives as fetuses, we have undifferentiated sex organs that only gradually, under the influence of hormones, become male or female. Likewise, when we begin our social lives as infants, we are neither male nor female in the social sense. Almost immediately — as soon as those pink or blue booties go on — we come under the influence of society, which gradually molds us into men and women. In all societies, the expectations placed on men and women differ, usually based on our different roles in reproduction, but often involving many details that are purely traditional. In our society today, we still have many remnants of these traditional expectations. Women are still expected to be more nurturant and less aggressive; men are still expected to be strong and to ignore the emotional side of life. But Jung felt these expectations meant that we had developed only half of our potential. The anima is the female aspect present in the collective unconscious of men, and the animus is the male aspect present in the collective unconscious of women. Together, they are referred to as syzygy. The anima may be personified as a young girl, very spontaneous and intuitive, or as a witch, or as the earth mother. It is likely to be associated with deep emotionality and the force of life itself. The animus may be personified as a wise old man, a sorcerer, or often a number of males, and tends to be logical, often rationalistic, and even argumentative. The anima or animus is the archetype through which you communicate with the collective unconscious generally, and it is important to get into touch with it. It is also the archetype that is responsible for much of our love life: We are, as an ancient Greek myth suggests, always looking for our other  half, the half that the Gods took from us, in members of the opposite sex. When we fall in love at first sight, then we have found someone that â€Å"fills† our anima or animus archetype particularly well! Other archetypes Jung said that there is no fixed number of archetypes that we could simply list and memorize. They overlap and easily melt into each other as needed, and their logic is not the usual kind. But here are some he mentions: Besides mother, their are other family archetypes. Obviously, there is father, who is often symbolized by a guide or an authority figure. There is also the archetype family, which represents the idea of blood relationship and ties that run deeper than those based on conscious reasons. There is also the child, represented in mythology and art by children, infants most especially, as well as other small creatures. The Christ child celebrated at Christmas is a manifestation of the child archetype, and represents the future, becoming, rebirth, and salvation. Curiously, Christmas falls during the winter solstice, which in northern primitive cultures also represents the future and rebirth. People used to light bonfires and perform ceremonies to encourage the sun’s return to them. The child archetype often blends with other archetypes to form the child-god, or the child-hero. Many archetypes are story characters. The hero is one of the main ones. He is the mana personality and the defeater of evil dragons. Basically, he represents the ego — we do tend to identify with the hero of the story — and is often engaged in fighting the shadow, in the form of dragons and other monsters. The hero is, however, often dumb as a post. He is, after all, ignorant of the ways of the collective unconscious. Luke Skywalker, in the Star Wars films, is the perfect example of a hero. The hero is often out to rescue the maiden. She represents purity, innocence, and, in all likelihood, naivete. In the beginning of the Star Wars story, Princess Leia is the maiden. But, as the story progresses, she becomes the anima, discovering the powers of the force — the collective unconscious — and becoming an equal partner with Luke, who turns out to be her brother. The wise old man guides the hero. He is a form of the animus, and reveals to the hero the nature of the collective unconscious. In Star Wars, he is played by Obi Wan Kenobi and, later, Yoda. Notice that they teach Luke about the force and, as Luke matures, they die and become a part of him. You might be curious as to the archetype represented by Darth Vader, the â€Å"dark father. † He is the shadow and the master of the dark side of the force. He also turns out to be Luke and Leia’s father. When he dies, he becomes one of the wise old men. There is also an animal archetype, representing humanity’s relationships with the animal world. The hero’s faithful horse would be an example. Snakes are often symbolic of the animal archetype, and are thought to be particularly wise. Animals, after all, are more in touch with their natures than we are. Perhaps loyal little robots and reliable old spaceships — the Falcon– are also symbols of animal. And there is the trickster, often represented by a clown or a magician. The trickster’s role is to hamper the hero’s progress and to generally make trouble. In Norse mythology, many of the gods’ adventures originate in some trick or another played on their majesties by the half-god Loki. There are other archetypes that are a little more difficult to talk about. One is the original man, represented in western religion by Adam. Another is the God archetype, representing our need to comprehend the universe, to give a meaning to all that happens, to see it all as having some purpose and direction. The hermaphrodite, both male and female, represents the union of opposites, an important idea in Jung’s theory. In some religious art, Jesus is presented as a rather feminine man. Likewise, in China, the character Kuan Yin began as a male saint (the bodhisattva Avalokiteshwara), but was portrayed in such a feminine manner that he is more often thought of as the female goddess of compassion! The most important archetype of all is the self. The self is the ultimate unity of the personality and is symbolized by the circle, the cross, and the mandala figures that Jung was fond of painting. A mandala is a drawing that is used in meditation because it tends to draw your focus back to the center, and it can be as simple as a geometric figure or as complicated as a stained glass window. The personifications that best represent self are Christ and Buddha, two people who many believe achieved perfection. But Jung felt that perfection of the personality is only truly achieved in death.

Egyptian art Essay

In Egyptian art, style is everything. In the Egyptian Art we have examined, we see striking similarities in the objects d’art that are included in this view. One thing that we can see in all the art works that we have seen is that the style remains consistent throughout the history of Egypt. The view of this writer is to look at each work and compare it to other works later in Egypt’s history. To that end, we will examine four separate works—the Palette of King Narmer, which was predynastic, the tomb of Ti at Saqqara which is of the Fifth Dynasty, the Portrait of Ni’Ankhesut, which is from the early Sixth Dynasty, and finally the Funerary Stele of Iamu, from the First Intermediate period. Each of these unique works has their own similarities to each other and their own unique differences. Three of the works are worked in limestone, which was a primary medium of Egyptian art, especially when it came to tomb or funerary art. The fourth is in stone, and was used to hold makeup and was intricately carved with a well for that express purpose. The first work that this writer will examine is the Palette of King Narmer. This work is done in what is probably basalt or some other stone, as it is not done in the soft limestone that was common in other Egyptian art forms. Egyptologists are unsure exactly what event this depicts, but what we can see is that King Narmer is the largest figure on the palette. On the front of the palette Narmer is depicted leading an army and slaying an opposing army. The opposing army is dead and decapitated, with their heads between their legs. This is pictured in the top third of the palette. In the middle third of the palette is a round depression made up of the entwined necks of two cats. This indented area is where eye makeup would have been placed. In the bottom third we see a warrior fighting a bull, a common theme in early Egyptian art. It should be noted here that the cats with the entwined heads is a distinctly Mesopotamian feature, showing the influence of the Middle Eastern art forms on early Egyptian art. On the back of the palette, we see a large figure who appears to be Narmer, wearing the crown of Upper Egypt. He appears to be subduing an enemy, who appears to be the leader of Lower Egypt. This is obviously meant to symbolize the supremacy of Upper Egypt over Lower Egypt. We notice from the position of the figures that every figure is in the profile position, but the arms are facing forward. This shows early on the foundations of Egyptian art, mainly, the consistency of keeping a majority of the body in profile, while only putting arms and chest in full frontal view. We also notice that on both sides of the palette, Narmer is the largest of the figures, making it clear that the palette is about him and his accomplishments. This is also a recurring theme in Egyptian art—the making of the main figure larger than other figures in the work. This assures the viewer that they are aware of who the main subject is. The second work that we are going to examine is the tomb of Ti at Saqqara. Again, we see that Ti is the largest figure in the work. This tomb relief is in color, which sets it apart from the other works we have examined. It probably retains its color due to the fact that it was not exposed to the elements as were other works. The paint brings out the striking details and shows the intricacies of Egyptian tomb art. It is also worked in limestone, which was a primary medium in Egypt. In this relief, we se that Ti is on a boat on the Nile. The Nile is teeming with all sorts of marine life. From our knowledge of the hieroglyphics, we know that Ti and his hunters are hunting hippopotami in the Nile marshes. Again, Ti is in profile save for his hands and chest. It is at this point, however, that we can see that there is very little difference between the picture of Ti and the picture of Narmer. This shows us that the Egyptians did not think about differentiation between human forms. They counted on the hieroglyphics and the idea of the larger figure being the focal point of the work. The third work that we will examine is the portrait of Ni’Ankhesut. It is a limestone portrait, which makes us assume that it is from the tomb of this individual. This is from the Sixth Dynasty. In this work, we see Ni’Ankhesut as the central figure in this work. Out of necessity, Ni’Ankhesut is the largest figure in the work, and above his head are hieroglyphics. These probably tell his story or his name, though we do not see the characteristic cartouche that accompanies the name. The fact that this individual has a tomb indicates that he was of sufficiently high rank to have the wealth and prestige that a tomb connotes. Again, if we physically look at the portrait, we see that the head and the legs are in profile, but the chest and the arms are in full frontal view. This again shows the idiosyncrasies in Egyptian art. If we compare the physicality of the portrait to the other two works that we have examined, we see that there is very little physical difference in the three figures. Again, the lack of differentiation among figures is evident. The final work we will examine is the Funerary Stele of Iamu. It is worked in limestone, which is the primary medium of Egyptian tomb art. This work is a more complex work than the portrait, but not as detailed as the Palette of Narmer. In this work, we see again that Iamu is the largest figure, and above his head are hieroglyphics. In this relief, it is difficult for one to tell what Iamu is doing. Again, we see little physical differentiation with the other figures that we have examined, and we see that all the figures are in profile and that this is totally in keeping with all Egyptian art. This writer does see some beginnings of differentiation in the figures, which begins to pave the way for more realistic portraiture. What conclusions can we draw from these four works? The first thing is that Egyptian art changed little over the years of Egypt’s rise and fall. Second, we see that Egypt chose art to express and transmit their culture. We also note that hieroglyphics were used to great effect to tell the individual stories that each work shows (with the exception of the Narmer Palette). Fourth, we can see that relief is the main form of art used by the Egyptians. Fifth, color is used throughout the Egyptian artistic world to give life to the two-dimensional images on the limestone walls. Sixth, relief is also a way to provide the art with a depth that it would otherwise lack. We must continue to learn from ancient art as it is the way that we learn the most about ourselves. To understand it is to better understand ourselves and our own culture.

Training and selective stimulus control in rats Essay Example

Training and selective stimulus control in rats Essay Example Training and selective stimulus control in rats Paper Training and selective stimulus control in rats Paper The aim of the experiment was to show that rats demonstrated stimulus discrimination and selective stimulus control during operant conditioning. The first hypothesis was the subject would learn to discriminate between the VR16 conditions that signal reinforcement and the EXT conditions. It was also hypothesised that the stimulus used to discriminate between VR16 and EXT would either be the light or the tone, not a combination. The participant in this experiment was a 16-month-old, female, Spague Dawley albino rat that was randomly selected from a group of 20. The apparatus used was an operant chamber, which delivered two stimuli (a light and a tone) to the subject, and a reinforcer of diluted condensed milk. During the first week of experimentation the subject underwent discrimination training, this was followed by a series of probe trials in the second week. The results from the first week showed the subject learned that no reinforcement was given during EXT, because the rate of responding decreased. The second weeks results showed that high tone was the stimulus used to discriminate between the stimuli. These results supported both the hypotheses, and it was concluded that rats do demonstrate stimulus discrimination and selective stimulus control. The major theorists for the development of operant conditioning were Edward Thorndike (1910), John Watson (1914), and Burrhus Skinner (1938) (Huitt and Hummel, 1997). They proposed that learning is the result of the application of consequences following overt behaviour; that is, subjects begin to connect certain responses with certain stimuli. This led Thorndike to conclude that the probability of a specific response reoccurring is changed according to the consequences following the response, and he labelled this learning conditioning (Carlson and Buskist 1997, Huitt and Hummel, 1997). In 1910, Thorndike used the notion of consequences to teach cats and dogs to manipulate a latch in a puzzle-box, to activate a door and escape (Huitt and Hummel, 1997). The consequence was either punishment or reward (Carlson and Buskist, 1997). Thorndike measured the time it took the animal to escape over various trials, and over time he noted that the animals latency to escape decreased consistently until it would activate the lever immediately after being placed in the box (Huitt and Hummel, 1997). The reward of being freed from the box somehow strengthened the association between the stimulus of being in the box and the appropriate action (Huitt and Hummel, 1997). Thorndike concluded that the reward strengthened the stimulus-response associations (Carlson and Buskist, 1997). He then went on to formulate his law of effect, which can be summarised by saying that an animal is more likely to repeat a response if the result is favourable, and less likely to repeat the action if the consequences were not favourable (Carlson and Buskist, 1997). There were two possible consequences of a behaviour, reinforcement or punishment. These could be divided into two sub-categories, positive (sometimes called pleasant) and negative (sometimes called aversive). These could be added to or taken away from the environment in order to change the probability of a given response occurring again (Carlson and Buskist, 1997. Werzburg University). Punishment decreases the repetition of behaviour and reinforcement usually increases the likelihood of response being repeated. A stimulus that acts as an indicator to the subject, suggesting that a reinforcer is available is said to be a discriminative stimulus (Gleitman, 1995). A discriminative stimulus affects the subjects behaviour considerably (Gleitman, 1995), as it influences the likelihood of a response occurring (Carlson and Buskist, 1997). Reynolds (1961) conducted experiments where two pigeons learned to tap a red key with a white triangle. To determine which was the discriminative stimulus, he tested the two birds with either a plain red key or a plain key with just a white triangle. Reynolds (1961) found that the first bird used the red key as the discriminative stimulus and the second bird used the white triangle to discriminate between stimuli. This experiment is also an example of selective stimulus control, where each pigeon selected which stimulus it believed was responsible for producing the reinforcer. To effectively study how a subject behaves in a given environment and to certain stimuli, it was necessary to establish a schedule of reinforcement, which is a set of guidelines saying how often the subject is reinforced (Gleitman, 1995). Stimuli could be presented to the environment according to a schedule of which there were two categories: continuous and intermittent (Gleitman, 1995), or not at all using extinction. Continuous reinforcement simply means that the behaviour is followed by a consequence each time it occurs. Intermittent schedules were based either on the passage of time (interval schedules) or the number of correct responses emitted (ratio schedules). The consequence could be delivered based on the same amount of passage of time or the same number of correct responses (fixed) or it could be based on a slightly different amount of time or number of correct responses that vary around a particular number (variable). This results in four classes of intermittent schedules, fixed interval (FI), fixed ratio (FR), variable interval (VI), and variable ratio (VR) (Gleitman, 1995). [Note: Continuous reinforcement is actually a specific example of a fixed ratio schedule with only one response emitted before a consequence occurs.]. The final schedule was extinction. During extinction, the subject is no longer reinforced for producing a previously reinforced response. Because there is no reward for responding, the frequency of the response decreases until it stops altogether (Carlson and Buskist, 1997. Huitt and Hummel, 1997. Gleitman, 1995). For the purpose of this experiment we used two alternating schedules of consequence (Lab Manual Psychology 111/112, 2002), Variable Ratio of 16 (VR16), where a reinforcer was given after an average of 16 responses, and Extinction (EXT). VR schedule was chosen, as a variable ratio was thought to be the best for maintaining behaviour (Werzburg University).  The aim of the experiment was to demonstrate stimulus discrimination and selective stimulus control in rats, and in turn, give support to past research indicating that learning comes from experience. The subject for this experiment was a female, albino rat, approximately 18 months old. The rat was placed in the operant chamber and subjected to two stimuli, a light and a tone. VR was paired with a dull light and high tone (1000Hz) and EXT was paired with a bright light and a low tone (500Hz) (Lab Manual Psychology 111/112, 2002). By reviewing past research, two hypotheses were formulated. The initial hypothesis was that the subject would learn to discriminate between the VR16 conditions that signal reinforcement and the EXT conditions, and therefore the rates of responding during VR16 would be higher than during EXT. It was also hypothesised that the stimulus used by the rats to discriminate would either be the light or the tone, not a combination (selective stimulus control).

5 Exercises to Sneak in at Work!

5 Exercises to Sneak in at Work! You’re triple-booked with meetings, eating at your desk- with no time for a social life let alone a lunch hour! And it’s the holiday season, when all our best habits are dissolving into sugar cookies and sparkling cocktails and cheese trays. No time to hit the gym? If you can carve out just 15 minutes from your workday, you can keep up your fitness without having to drop any of your spinning plates. Try this simple routine a few days a week. All you need is you, your cubicle, and a little willpower!RELATED:Â  Top 9 Stress Relieving Activities at Work That’ll Keep You Happy1. SquatsTarget area: thighs and butt. How to do it: stand with your feet shoulder-width apart. Focus your body weight in your heels as you push your hips down to knee level and lean forward at a 45 degree angle. Make sure to keep your knees above your ankles and your core strong. Do this 12-25 times. Extra credit: hold a book above your head to step up the intensity.2. PlankTarget area: core, arms, everything. Combat the negative effects of slumping at your desk and help your posture and alignment at the same time. How to do it: lower your forearms to the ground, fits and elbows flat, your palms directly below your shoulders. Keep your neck and spine neutral, keep your shoulders down and back, and stay as straight and firm as possible for 15 seconds. Repeat 4 times.3. LungesTarget area: legs, lower body. Stand with your feet together and your hands on your hips. Take a large step forward so your front and back leg are at a 90 degree angle. Return to the feet together position and repeat with the other leg. Get all the way down your office hallway. Extra credit: hold the book over your head doing this one too.4. Push-ups and Chair DipsTarget area: arms, arms, arms. Start with doing push-ups (you can use a desk to build up to the real thing), bending at the elbow and lowering your body until you arms are at a 90 degree angle. Repeat 10 times. Then, immediately, go to the c hair. With your back to it, use your arms to lower yourself until your upper arms are parallel to the floor. Straighten your arms to raise yourself back up Repeat 10 times. Do this duo 3 times in succession.5. Power VsTarget areas: abs, quads, hip flexors. How to do it: sit at the edge of your chair and lean your torso back. Tuck your pelvis, hold the base of the seat for support, and then raise your knees and extend your legs into a ‘V’ position. Hold for 5 seconds. Lower and raise up again. Repeat 10 times.Do this series of easy heart-pumping, ab-tightening, body-toning exercises twice through a few times a week and you’ll start to see results without letting your job suffer. No gym membership required!

Boxing Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Boxing - Term Paper Example Consequently, the current research will elaborate the techniques and terms related to boxing by providing a detailed overview of the sport under-examination. Despite the very fact that playing of different sports and games has always been a popular social phenomenon since the known history of the world, boxing has particularly been being played for recreational purposes as well as for turning the bodies tougher and harder (Murray 2007, p. 4). Wigle has declared boxing to be the perfect tool for a young person to learn commitment, discipline, accountability; it also guides the adolescents and athletes the skill of playing as an individual as well as team member under the specific competitive environment (2011, p. 2). In addition, boxing also teaches the boxer regarding his relation with self, opponent, judges and environment (Wigle 2011, p. 2). In other terms, boxing helps the player how to interact with his social, physical and natural environment. Similarly, through boxing, one learns how to defend oneself from the attacks of the opponent on the one side, and how to obtain dominant position during the sport on the other (Edwards 2010, p p. 33-34). Haislet has defined the fundamental position of boxing, which is rightly viewed as the most favorable position that turns out to be supportive in respect of the mechanical execution of skills and techniques required in boxing (1968, p. 1). It is partly because of the fact that it provides the chances of quick reaction as well as complete relaxation to the muscles for the time being. In the same way, it also helps the boxer in developing hand-feet coordination during the play by keeping the body in balance (1968, p. 1). Since the primary aim of the boxing is hitting the opponent by maintaining one’s position and balance and escaping the hits of the opponent, fundamental position is highly admired in the boxing

Developmental Care Within the Neonatal Intensive care unit Essay

Developmental Care Within the Neonatal Intensive care unit - Essay Example Developmental care also calls for clustering of nursing care for instance carrying out blood pressure and temperature checks to ensure that the babies have longer periods for sleeping. The other strategies used in neonatal intensive care entails turning down the lights in the rooms and providing a quite and dark environment to ensure that infants are able to enjoy maximum sleeping time. In neonatal intensive care, parents are encouraged to visit the infants and adoption of kangaroo care. By adopting developmental care in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs), premature and sick child are able to make a smooth transition from the environment they were enjoying in the womb to the world easily (Abbott and Israel, 2008, p. 80). The area of developmental care within NICUs has been addressed by various bodies that authors and stakeholders in the sector. This paper will be a critical review of the various publications on the topic including a journal by Hamilton, Moore and Naylor; the Bliss initiative by Abbott and Israel and a journal by Sonya Louise. In addition, the paper will critically review the provisions under the Bliss Baby Charter, the Neonatal Toolkit and the British Association of Perinatal Medicine of 2010. Developmental care According to Hamilton, Moore and Naylor (2008, p. 190), developmental care should create a framework within which neonatal care processes are adapted and organised to ensure that they are able to support individual medical, developmental and psychological needs of premature infants and their families. Developmental care has been necessitated by the fact that despite the relentless efforts to prevent premature births; such births are still persistent recurrent with about 6 percent of all lives in UK being preterm in UK annually and these statistics are higher in USA where they are estimated to be 12 percent (Hamilton, Moore and Naylor, 2008, p. 190). Consequently, the demand for neonatal care has increased with more than 70 percent of NICUs admissions resulting from premature infants. In addition to the high costs of providing neonatal care among preterm infants, such infants experience developmental impairments compared to their counterparts. This is explained by the fact that the brain of preterm infants is usually undergoing rapid development and these kids are exposed to a strange environmental setting, repeated invasive assessments and protracted illness (Hamilton, Moore and Naylor, 2008, p. 190). This adversely affects their growth and organisation of hearing, vision and sleeping pattern having long term effects on the neuro-development of the infant. Developmental care exposes parents and premature infants to various stressors and negative feelings for instance guilt, anxiety, helplessness and depression (Hamilton, Moore and Naylor, 2008, p. 190). This is because the highly technical setting and the condition of the premature infant led to the disruption of parental roles and reduces parent-infant relatio nship. To deal with this problems Hamilton, Moore and Naylor (2008, p. 190) proposes the adoption of supportive care to optimise the development and reduce negative impacts of premature births. In light of this, developmental care must involve a range of interventions that will help reduce stress within NUICs including controlling the

Innovation as accelerator for sustainability - The interface between Essay

Innovation as accelerator for sustainability - The interface between sustainability and innovation is the sweet spot for the fut - Essay Example In order to increase the level of assessment on this important resource, the food and beverage company in question should find innovative methods of packaging in order to increase their value as a company that is socially responsible and actively pursuing avenues of real change. In recent years, the discussion of sustainability has been at the forefront of the public relations strategies of most businesses. While it would be nice to hope that corporate responsibility was a result of enlightenment, it has been the development of global communications through which the pressure to right the wrongs that are occurring across the planet have become enough pressure for companies to have a broader concern for sustainability. The concept of sustainability covers a wide range of resource management issues including, but not limited to, labour, environmental issues, and resources. While there are a great number of companies making a concerted effort to lesson the impact their industry has on t he resources of the Earth, there is much to be done to reinvent the philosophy of a disposable world that has ruled the two centuries throughout the industrial era. One of the biggest problems in the world today is that of the amount of waste that is produced through packaging. The only way to combat this problem is through innovative techniques that shrink the level of left over product once either a package is opened or a product has been used and discarded. The amount of solid waste that is created through packaging is staggering. Through innovations and creative thinking, corporations have developed products and packaging that has less of an imprint on the environment, thus supporting the sustainability of that aspect of the health of the world. Defining Sustainability Sustainability is a product of responsible behavior within the corporate framework. Business that is conducted in a socially responsible manner maintains and preserves resources so that business can continue witho ut adversely impacting the availability of what is needed to continue business. Furthermore, sustainability is a way in which to frame how to continue a valued and quality environment within the world, both in humanitarian spheres and in environmental spheres. Sustainability is best conducted through the stakeholder form of corporate governance where all stakeholders are considered during the decision making process. The U.K. and the U.S. have corporate models that are more oriented towards the shareholder model of corporate governance, thus impeding the philosophy that best supports long term goal making that will provide for socially responsible decisions that are intended for sustaining all of the interests of those who have a stake in the business (Hoffman 2007, p. 29). Several companies can be examined for their efforts towards social responsibility and sustainability. Nike corporation, as an example, was cited for using manufacturing plants in countries with lax human rights l aws and practices in regard to workers in order to save money on the costs of creating their line of products. During 1996 and 1997, Nike was under a tremendous amount of pressure because of the

Effects of Ocean Acidification and Global Warming

Effects of Ocean Acidification and Global Warming Introduction: Since the beginning of the industrial revolution, the release of carbon dioxide (CO2) from our industrial and agricultural activities has resulted in increasing atmospheric CO2 concentration. Over a period of less than a decade, the change in seawater chemistry due to rising atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) levels becomes one of the most critical and pressing issues, identify as ocean acidification. The ability of the ocean to absorb additional atmospheric CO2 is decreasing, and more rapid global warming is led by future CO2 emissions. Ocean acidification is also problematic, the negative effects on marine calcifying organisms, resources and services cause by human societies largely depend energy, water, and fisheries. For example, it is predicted that by 2100 around 70% of all cold-water corals, especially those in the higher latitudes, will live in waters undersaturated in carbonate due to ocean acidification. Recent research indicates that ocean acidification might also result in increasing levels of jellyfish in some marine ecosystems. Aside from direct effects, marine and coastal pollution as global change-induced impacts with ocean acidification and the invasive alien species are likely to result in more fragile marine ecosystems. For example, coastal deforestation and wide-scale fisheries making species more vulnerable to other environmental impacts. The motivation for this research is that although global change and global warming have been topics of intensive research among these years. Potentially profound changes throughout marine ecosystems and in the environmental that research provide to humankind shows that impacts of ocean acidification may be just as dramatic as those of global warming and the combination of both are likely to led worst consequences. Natural environment: For tens of millions of years, acidity level of Earths oceans is relatively stable. The life in todays seas has arisen and flourished because of the steady environment. But research shows that this balance is not keeping anymore and being undone by a recent and rapid drop in surface pH called ocean acidification. It could have devastated global consequences. Human impact: At least one-quarter of the carbon dioxide (CO2) released by burning coal, oil and gas doesnt stay in the air, but instead dissolves into the ocean. Since the beginning of the industrial era, the ocean has absorbed some 525 billion tons of CO2 from the atmosphere, presently around 22 million tons per day. For 2008, total human CO2 emissions were about 10 billion tons of carbon annually (equivalent to one million tons per hour or, on a per capita basis, ~ 0.2 kg person-1 h-1; note that 1 billion tons equals 1 Pg or 1 x 1015 g). Of this amount, 8.7  ± 0.5 billion tons originates from fossil fuel combustion and cement production and another 1.2  ± 0.7 billion tons from deforestation (Le QueÃÅ' reÃÅ'  et al., 2009). After the industrial era the amount of human CO2 emissions close to 560 billion tons. It is certainly enough to be of grave concern as a greenhouse gas leading to climate change, even it is less than half of this anthropogenic CO2 remains in the atmosphere. At first, scientists thought that what happened after industrial revolution might be a good thing because it avoids more carbon dioxide leaves in the air to warm the planet. But in the past decade, they have realized that it does leaf less CO2 in the atmosphere, but it has come as the cost of changing the ocean’s chemistry. When carbon dioxide dissolves in seawater, water (H2O) and CO2 mix, they combine to form carbonic acid (H2CO3). The water becomes more acidic and the ocean’s pH value gets lower. Compare to immense ocean, if there has enough carbon dioxide, it can have a major impact. In the past 200 years alone, ocean water has become 30 percent more acidic—faster than any known change in ocean chemistry in the last 50 million years. Scientists formerly did not worry about this process because they call a stabilizing effect â€Å"buffering, which keep the ocean’s pH stable by carrying enough dissolved chemicals through rivers from rocks to the ocean. But all the CO2 emission is dissolving into the ocean so quickly that this natural buffering has not been able to keep pH stable, and rapidly dropping pH in surface waters. The entire ocean is affected when surface layers mix into deep water. When the term ocean acidification was first coined, scientists have been tracking ocean pH for more than 30 years, even though it really only started in 2003. The current rapid rise in atmospheric CO2 is as much as 30 times faster than natural rates in the geological past, and present levels are higher than at anytime in at least the last 850,000 years and likely several million years (Kump et al., 2009). Consequences: Geologists saw a number of changes about in the time period of 300 million years that share many of the characteristics of today’s human-driven ocean acidification. But the main difference before and nowadays is, CO2 levels are rising at an unprecedented rate, causing endanger situation like the near-disappearance of coral reefs. Also theres a threat of acidification in human society, includes a decline in commercial fisheries and in the Arctic tourism industry and economy. Commercial fisheries are threatened because acidification harms calcifying organisms destroyed the Arctic food webs, such as pteropods and brittle stars. For example, In Scandinavia, acidic water reduced 15% of species populations and that more species were limited in population or declining. The rapid decrease or disappearance of marine life decrease the economic in coast area, it could also affect the diet of Indigenous peoples. Branching corals, lives around natural carbon dioxide seeps, as a model for a more acidic future ocean. The reason the can struggle in the acidic water is because of their more fragile structure. For reef-building corals, calcium carbonate forms complex reefs in order raft house by coral animals themselves. Pre-existing coral skeletons can be corroded by acidic seawater, and limit their reproduce. The growth of new ones slows down, so the reefs will be more easily eroding by storm waves or eaten by animals. It’s possible that weaker and healthy coral reefs will all be eroding more quickly than they can rebuild. Acidification may also effects the eggs and larvae of carols. While they were still in the plankton its not easy to get hurt by acidic water. However, as long as larvae is be in acidic water, it harder to find a good place to settle, preventing them from reaching adulthood. Some types of coral use bicarbonate to build their skeletons, so they have more ways to survive in an acidifying ocean. Some can handle a wider pH range instead of survive without a skeleton after the pH value back to normal. Area that affected by natural carbon dioxide seeps, like on reefs in Papua New Guinea, big boulder colonies have taken over. Probably because this dedicatedly branching has thin branches, its more attackable to dissolving. From this change, many thousands of organisms that live among the coral can be affected. Nevertheless those fish and people eat. Acidification is not the only reason for corals suffer, also warming water, pollution, and overfishing that caused by human also affect them. In general, shelled animals such as mussels, clams, urchins and starfish, are going to face the same problem like the corals. They have trouble building their shells by themselves in more acidic water. From the study we expected that, by the end of the century, Mussels and oysters will grow less shell by 25 percent and 10 percent individually. Urchins and starfish are not as well studied, but they have more weaker shelled that build by calcite, a type of calcium carbonate that dissolves more quicker that corals does. This study shows that the chance of being crushed or eaten of shelled animals will increase because of their weaker acidic affected shelled. Due to the burning of fossil fuels, people produce excess carbon dioxide that cause CO2 bubbles out of volcanic vents in the reef of the coast of Papua New Guinea. Also excess CO2 dissolves into the surrounding seawater, making water more acidic. There are places scattered throughout, lowering the pH in surrounding waters. Scientists study these unusual communities for clues to what an acidified ocean will look like. Plants and many make their energy to survive from combining sunlight and carbon dioxide, it shows that more carbon dioxide in the water is helpful for them, doesnt hurt them at all. As nurseries and home for many larger fish and thousand different organisms in the shallow-water area along coasts, seagrasses in more acidic water area were able to reproduce better, grow healthier. However, the pollution flowing into ocean and other reasons cause the seagrasses in decline, even the help of acidic seawater cant replace the lost of other pollution cause. Coralline algae, which build calcium carbonate skeletons more soluble than regular calcite form. It strengthened coral reefs. It makes space for other types of non-calcifying algae, so it can damage coral reefs about 92 percent less area in acidifying conditions. As we known coralline algae provide a ecosystem for coral before they leave the plankton stage, so it is a terrible situation for carol survive before start a new life on carol reefs. Theres an exception called the coccolithophores, one major group of algae, they also grew weak shells. But in nearly 100 years, this algae was able to adapt the acidic water by growing stronger shells. This evidence shows that they just needed more time to adapt, through the population is growing and changing, they will be more adopted to new environment. To have a overview of the how ocean acidification be like, researchers compared the ability of 79 species of bottom-dwelling invertebrates settled in different areas of the Italian coast. For most species, including worms, mollusks, and crustaceans, the closer more acidic water, the fewer number could survive. Sea grass and brown algae dominated algae and animals that need massive calcium-carbonate. The polychaete worm Syllis prolifers, as the only one species that was more abundant in lower pH water. In some areas, they are replacing corals entirely with large boulder corals, sand, rubble and algae beds. Although fish dont have shells, the effects of acidification can also reflect on them. In humans, for instance, a drop in blood pH of 0.2-0.3 can cause seizures, comas, and even death. A fish is also sensitive to pH as human. To keep the pH value balance, it will burn extra energy to excrete the excess acid out of its blood through its gills, kidneys and intestines. Through the process it can also slow fishes growth. Even slightly more acidic water may also affects fishes minds. In more acidic water, clownfish cannot identify threatening noise and flee from danger. There are unpredictable changes in animal behavior under acidification from the study. Because acidification, they cannot smell there way back. The changes of pH of a fishs body and brain could change how the brain processes information and send the message to react. The more acidic seawater could shift the fish species. It could have major impacts on the food web and on human fisheries. Altogether the ocean’s various habitats will no longer provide the diversity we depend on. Restoration: The most realistic way to lower the CO2 level and keep it from getting even higher, would be burning less fossil fuels and finding more area to restore carbon, such as seagrass beds, and marshes, known as blue carbon. If we did, even it wont change immediately, but after hundreds of years, carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and ocean would back to normal and comfort for species to live again. Many organization already started to let more people noticed what is ocean acidification and how it is related to our life. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) adopted the Limiting global warming in surface ocean pH of 0.16 from pre-industrial levels. This represents the limit of surface ocean pH. At the same time, organizations have fund raise in order to develop technologies that under the title of geoengineering. Developing engines that reduce carbon dioxide and stable the biosphere.Some idea is to remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere by growing more of the organisms that use it up: phytoplankton. Adding iron or other fertilizers to the ocean could cause man-made phytoplankton blooms, then absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, and then, after death, sink down and trap it in the deep sea. However, its unknown the effect of this action, maybe seawater will become more acidic. Conclusion: Both ocean acidification and global warming are caused by anthropogenic CO2 emissions. Ocean acidification is not just happened yesterday, it will continue to get worst if we do not pay attention in our biosphere and tracking global CO2 emissions. The ocean acidification is not only impact on biology, but also affect human society and economy, especially with ocean warming, the biosphere various will decrease and the environment is not stable anymore. Generally, the pH of the ocean changes in a natural way, and some ocean organisms are well-adapted to live and reproduce in the changes. It may be hard for different marine species to adapt the more extreme changes, like ocean acidification, in resulting there will likely be extinctions. We dont know the exact number, but there were mass extinctions around 55 million years ago. It happened during the last great acidification event, including deep sea invertebrates were extinct. At the time ocean acidification is intensify, we should aware and learn from the past.